Innovations in Molecular Biotechnology

ABSTRACT

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized our understanding of cellular diversity by enabling high-resolution analysis of gene expression at the individual cell level. Unlike traditional bulk RNA sequencing, which averages gene expression across a population of cells, scRNA-seq provides a detailed view of cellular heterogeneity. This capability is particularly valuable in disease research, where identifying rare cell types and understanding cellular behavior can lead to groundbreaking discoveries. In cancer research, scRNA-seq helps unravel tumor heterogeneity, identifying distinct cell populations that contribute to disease progression and therapy resistance. Similarly, in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, it enables the study of cell-type-specific gene expression changes, shedding light on disease mechanisms. Immune-related diseases also benefit from this technology by allowing researchers to dissect immune cell dynamics and responses in conditions like autoimmune disorders and infections. Beyond disease research, scRNA-seq provides insights into fundamental biological processes such as cell fate decisions, differentiation pathways, and gene regulatory networks. However, despite its transformative potential, challenges remain. Technical limitations, such as high costs, data complexity, and batch effects, need to be addressed. Additionally, integrating scRNA-seq with other multi-omics approaches—such as epigenomics and proteomics—offers an exciting avenue for achieving a more comprehensive understanding of complex diseases.

KEYWORDS

1. Single-cell RNA sequencing
2. Disease research
3. Cellular mechanisms
4. Cancer
5. Immune diseases
6. Gene expression